Science Zone: SCIENCE

It's Supermoon Day

It’s that time of year again – a bright supermoon will appear in the night sky. 
Except that the supermoon may not appear that, well, super to make our earthbound eyes. 
 
“If you had a regular moon 
right next to a supermoon you could definitely see the difference, but you really won't be able to notice much of a difference just looking at it in the sky,” said Mike Narlock, head astronomer at 
Cranbrook Institute of Science, to CBS . 
 
An ever so slightly larger 
version of a full moon is 
called a supermoon, or more 
technically, a lunar perigee. 
The moon appears bigger because it orbits closer than usual to Earth. To the right is a comparison image of a full moon 
(left) and a supermoon (right). 
 
Still, in case you’re 
interested, the perigee will occur on Sunday, August 30 at 11 
a.m. EDT (1500 GMT), according 
to <a href='http://space.com'>space.com</a>. At that time, the×moon will be around 222,631 miles (358,290 kilometers) 
away. 
 
Unfortunately, that’s not the best time for those of you in North America. Your best bet is to view the full moon, which will be close to a perigee, on Saturday evening, August 29. 
 
Although the supermoon may not appear as lustrous as its name, the closer distance is important. When the moon orbits this near to Earth, the ocean 
tides become stronger. Thus, on the day of the supermoon and for three days after, the Earth 
will experience larger than typical tides. 
 
If you’re not in the mood to see a slightly larger moon, then perhaps check out the tides in your local area. Or even better, combine the two. 
 
Credit: <a href='http://ifls.com'>IFLS</a> 
<a href='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-G1kwPrnw8jQ/VeIS5251bBI/AAAAAAAAAHY/tJDHM5fZwqo/s2560/1440879334242.jpeg' onblur='try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}'><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-G1kwPrnw8jQ/VeIS5251bBI/AAAAAAAAAHY/tJDHM5fZwqo/s350/1440879334242.jpeg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;"/></a>

It's Supermoon Day

It’s that time of year again – a bright supermoon will appear in the night sky. Except that the supermoon may not appear that, well, super ...

Ten Facts About Light

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>1. Greeks thought our sight came from something dashing out of the eyes and into objects. 
 
2. The first determination of “c”, the speed of light in a vacuum, was made by a Danish astronomer using the motion of the moons 
of Jupiter. 
 
3. In glass light slows down a bit, bending its trajectory and allowing the making of lenses. 
 
4. Particles traveling faster than light IN A MEDIUM, release a form of luminous shock wave called Cerenkov radiation that we see 
as deep blue light. 
 
5. Different colors have slightly different speeds in water, making them bend in slightly different angles. That causes the 
rainbow when water droplets are in the 
atmosphere. 
 
6. Light from the Sun takes 8 minutes and 17 seconds to reach us, but inside the sun the energy takes millions of years to go 
from the center to the surface. 
 
7. Humans, just like apes and monkeys, have three color receptors that allow us to see all colors. Birds and other non-mammals 
have four color receptors which means they can see many more colors than we do. 
 
8. The Hubble telescope photographed several galaxies receding from us at speeds above the speed of light. 
 
9. When Maxwell developed the equations to describe Electricity and Magnetism, some solutions were waves with about the speed of light. That was later confirmed, and Optics became a part of his theory. 
 
10. The difference of the speed of light according to the density of a substance is responsible for ghost cities travelers see in the desert, and is the process that allows the manufacture of fiber optics.</div>

Ten Facts About Light

1. Greeks thought our sight came from something dashing out of the eyes and into objects. 2. The first determination of “c”, the speed of ...

Why Healing Wounds Itch?

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>We are told that if a cut is itching it is healing, and that scratching itches is bad for healing, why have we evolved this tendency to cause the healing cut to itch? 
 
Answer 
There are special nerves in the skin, and this has only been discovered in fairly recent times as in the last few years, but there are itch specific nerve fibres in the skin, and their job solely is to signal to the A comparative picture of untreated 7-days-healed road rash in the form of a scar one year later. 
 
Fresh wound is on the right, and scar is on the 
left spinal cord that an area of the skin is being irritated in a way that we would perceive as itchy. 
 
Those nerve cells are activated in a number 
of ways. One of them is mechanically. So, if you have an insect crawling on you for example, the insect crawling over your skin elicits the right kind of stimulus that those nerve cells are interested in, 
and they are triggered. So you are therefore paying attention to that bit of 
skin because there might be a bug which is biting you, which might be about to give you malaria or something. 
 
So that's the first point, it’s mechanical. 
The nerve cells are also sensitive to chemicals and there are certain chemicals which when you put them in your skin, 
they're irritants. As a result, they make you think, “Oh! I've got an itchy patch of skin again.” You pay attention and you 
brush away the irritant chemical. 
 
Now when you have a wound, the wound closes by cells around the margins of the 
wound, proliferating, in other words, growing and they then migrate from the 
margins of the wound, down into the base of the wound. They actually follow the 
electrical gradient, a guy in Aberdeen discovered in the last 5 years or so that 
the inside of the wound is at a different voltage than the margin, and the cells flow down this electrical gradient, so they know where the base of the wound is. 
They then unite with their cellular counterparts, and stitch themselves into 
place. Then they start to contract, contractile filaments which pull the wound closed. 
 
So as they do that, they're eliciting a mechanical stress which the itch sensitive nerves will respond to and at the same 
time, there are various other factors which 
get released in a healing wound, chemicals which provoke healing in the wound, but also, up-regulate the activity of these itch sensitive nerves. 
 
So therefore, a wound that's closing up will feel itchy for mechanical and chemical reasons which are precisely the reasons why those nerve cells get stimulated in the 
first place. 
So that's the reason.</div>

Why Healing Wounds Itch?

We are told that if a cut is itching it is healing, and that scratching itches is bad for healing, why have we evolved this tendency to caus...

Why Snakes Don't Die of Their Own Venom

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>I know if animals like 
ourselves ate food that had been poisoned, it would have an adverse effect on us but it doesn’t seem to on snakes. I know they’re not immune to their poison because they don’t use it on each other when they fight for their territory battles. 
I just wondered why that was really. 
 
The reason is that the venom snakes use is a 
protein. Proteins are made up of building blocks of what’s called amino acids. They’re the same stuff, effectively, as your Sunday roast meat. 
That means that if you were to eat them – say I ate a snake and ate the poison sacks – if I just ate it and 
it went into my digestive system the acid and the enzymes in my stomach would just be able to break down the protein so it would fall apart and it would be harmless. It’s 
only actually toxic if it gets beyond the gut and it gets into the circulation of the body. 
 
That’s why one snake could, for instance, eat another snake, and it wouldn’t 
be poisoned by it. In the same way, a person who has diabetes and needs to inject the hormone insulin. Insulin is a protein and if you were to eat it by mouth, the 
digestive tract would break it down. That’s why people have to inject insulin to make it work. 
 
So why don’t snakes poison 
themselves given they have the same toxin in their bodies. It’s exactly the same reason if for instance your pancreas makes 
a deadly cocktail of digestive juices which, if they got into your bloodstream, would 
kill you very rapidly. 
 
People who get a condition called acute pancreatitis do have a very high mortality rate. It does 
kill people because they literally eat themselves from the inside out. The reason that they don’t do that normally when you’re healthy is because the enzymes are made in cells in an inactive state. 
 
They’re exported from the cell into a duct which is 
lined with specially protecting cells that 
stop it going back in to the body’s own tissues and do any damage. 
The only place it can go is down the duct and then out 
into the digestive tract. 
 
If you put that into the context of the snake, it’s got a gland which knows how to make the proteins in the venom. They get exported into this duct which is a special holding 
bay, protected from the venom. 
It can’t go back the wrong way. When the snake bites 
you there are tiny muscle cells around those ducts and it squirts the venom down the fang (there’s a duct in there) and in to 
the holes that the teeth have made in you. 
 
That’s why the snake doesn’t die from its 
own venom because it keeps it in a specially adapted part of the body so it can’t get into the circulation. 
<a href='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LopyVt-JpD0/VdyLtz9ysqI/AAAAAAAAAHI/Vb3ifie_e3M/s2560/1440517044994.jpeg' onblur='try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}'><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LopyVt-JpD0/VdyLtz9ysqI/AAAAAAAAAHI/Vb3ifie_e3M/s350/1440517044994.jpeg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;"/></a></div>

Why Snakes Don't Die of Their Own Venom

I know if animals like ourselves ate food that had been poisoned, it would have an adverse effect on us but it doesn’t seem to on snakes. I...

10 Things You Need To Know About Your Brain

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'><head>The Brain</head> 
 
The human brain is the most complex and least understood part of the human anatomy. There may be a lot we don’t know, but here are a few interesting facts that we’ve got covered. 
 
1. Nerve impulses to and from the brain travel as fast as 170 miles per hour: 
Ever wonder how you can react so fast to things around you or why that stubbed toe hurts right away? It’s due to the super-speedy movement of nerve impulses from your brain to the rest of your body and vice versa, bringing reactions at the speed of a high powered luxury sports car. 
 
2. The brain operates on the same amount of power as 10-watt light bulb: 
The cartoon image of a light bulb over your head when a great thought occurs isn’t too far off the mark. 
Your brain generates as much energy as a small light bulb even when you’re sleeping. 
 
3. The human brain cell can hold 5 times as much information as the Encyclopedia Britannic Or any other encyclopedia for that matter: 
Scientists have yet to settle on a definitive amount, but the storage capacity of the brain in electronic terms is thought to be between 3 or even 1,000 terabytes. The National Archives of Britain, containing over 900 years of history, only takes up 70 terabytes, making your brain’s memory power pretty darn impressive. 
 
4. Your brain uses 20% of the oxygen that enters your blood stream: 
The brain only makes up about 2% of our body mass, yet consumes more oxygen than any other organ in the body, making it extremely susceptible to damage related to oxygen deprivation. So breathe 
deep to keep your brain happy and swimming in oxygenated cells. 
 
5. The brain is much more active at night than during the day: 
Logically, you would think that all the moving around, complicated 
calculations and tasks and general interaction we do on a daily basis during our working hours would take a lot more brain power than, say, lying in bed. Turns out, the opposite is true. When you turn off your brain turns on. Scientists don’t yet know why this is but you can thank the hard work of your brain while you sleep for all those pleasant dreams. 
 
6. Scientists say the higher your I.Q. the more you dream: 
While this may be true, don’t take it as a sign you’re mentally lacking if you can’t recall your dreams. Most of us don’t remember many of our dreams and the average length of most dreams is only 2-3 seconds–barely long enough to register. 
 
7. Neurons continue to grow throughout human life: 
For years scientists and doctors thought that brain and neural tissue couldn’t grow or regenerate. While it doesn’t act in the same manner as tissues in many other parts of the body, neurons can and do grow throughout your life, adding a whole new dimension to the study of the brain and the illnesses that affect it. 
 
8. Information travels at different speeds within different types of neurons: 
Not all neurons are the same. There are a few different types within the body and transmission along these different kinds can be as slow as 0.5 meters/sec or as fast as 120 meters/sec. 
 
9. The brain itself cannot feel pain: 
While the brain might be the pain center when you cut your finger or burn yourself, the brain itself 
does not have pain receptors and cannot feel pain. That doesn’t mean your head can’t hurt. The brain is surrounded by loads of tissues, nerves and blood vessels that are 
plenty receptive to pain and can give you a pounding headache. 
 
10. 80% of the brain is water: 
Your brain isn’t the firm, gray mass you’ve seen on TV. Living brain tissue is a squishy, pink and jelly-like organ, thanks to the loads of blood and high water content of the tissue. 
So the next time you’re feeling dehydrated get a drink and keep your body hydrated. 
 
Credit: <a href=' http://icantseeyou.typepad.com'>ICan't See You</a></div>

10 Things You Need To Know About Your Brain

The Brain The human brain is the most complex and least understood part of the human anatomy. There may be a lot we don’t know, but here a...

Skin As Body Temperature Regulator

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>The skin as we all know is the largest organ in the body. Also with exception of the bones and cartilages, it's the toughest tissue in the body. It does live up to its status by carrying out numerous functions such as protection, excretion, storage of food, sensitivity, regulation of the body temperature, production of vitamin D through the early sunshine and so on. 
 
Today we are going to see how the skin regulates the body temperature especially in we homoiothermic animals; animals with constant body temperature. 
 
This is truly amazing as how the skin keeps the body temperature constant regardless of changes in external environment though the liquid tissue cell (blood) also plays a role at body temperature regulation. 
 
On a hot day or weather, there's usually an increase in the temperature of the environment and the skin carry out the following processes to get rid of excess heat and thus to keep the body temperature constant. 
 
VASODILATION: 
There is a dilation of the capillaries near the skin surface and a constriction of those in the deeper layer. The impact of this is a large volume of blood flow close to the surface of the skin such that there's a loss of heat via the three mood of heat transfer namely; conduction, convection and radiation. 
 
DECREASE IN METABOLIC RATE: There is a reduction in metabolic activity by the skin or body and this reduces the heat released by metabolic activity and thus heat production is reduced. 
 
LOWERING OF HAIRS: We usually notice that the hairs especially those on the hands and legs rise and fall. Yes they rise and fall. 
During hot days, the hair erector muscles relax causing the hairs to lie flat on the skin surface. This expose most of the air trapped by the hairs and also heat from the body is lost as the air evaporates. 
 
SWEATING: 
The sweat gland is usually active during hot periods and there's large sweat production. As the sweat evaporate from the skin, latent heat of evaporation is also extracted from the body hence the heat of the body is reduced. 
 
On a cold day or weather, the following processes are done by the skin to regulate the body temperature. 
 
RAISING OF THE HAIRS: 
The hair erector muscle contract to raise the hair and trap more air during a cold weather. Since air is a bad conductor of heat, the layer of air next to the skin acts as an insulator and prevent heat loss from the body and conserves the normal body temperature. 
 
VOSOCONSTRICTION: There's constriction of capillaries close to the skin surface and also a dilation of capillaries in deeper layer of the skin. This brings about small volume of blood flow near the skin surface and hence prevents loss of heat and conserves body heat or temperature. 
 
INCREASE IN METABOLIC ACTIVITY: The skin increases the metabolic activity of the body especially the respiratory activity of the liver that release large amount of energy and heat. This help to generate the heat necessary to keep the body's temperature from dropping during cold weather. 
 
SWEATING: 
THE sweat gland become inactive on a cold day and hence there is very little production of sweat that gets evaporated thereby conserving the latent heat of vaporization and rather use it to keep the body temperature constant by ensuring no drop 'in temperature rate throughout the body. 
This is the very reason</div>

Skin As Body Temperature Regulator

The skin as we all know is the largest organ in the body. Also with exception of the bones and cartilages, it's the toughest tissue in t...

This Friday, There Would Be a Blue Moon

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>This Friday, there will be a once in a blue moon occurrence. If you step outside, you might find yourself gazing out at a brimming, full moon. 
 
Disappointingly, it won't actually be blue; the term is a misnomer. In fact, a blue moon isn't any different to any other full moon. 
In the past, a blue moon was used to mean "rare," but now the name is given to any full moon that is the second to appear in one calendar month. The lunar cycle is around 29 
and a half days, and months of the year are between 28 and 31 days long. The probability of a full lunar cycle, from full moon to full moon, 
occurring precisely during this time window is therefore not very high. 
 
The next blue moon, by this definition, is going to be on January 31, 2018 – around two and a half years from now. There will be another blue moon two months after that on March 31, 2018, 
after which it will be another two-year wait. 
 
The term "blue moon" has evolved over the last 200 years or so. Initially, a blue moon was 
based on a complicated combination of. circumstances. In one astronomical season, there are normally three full moons and if there was ever a fourth, then that would be the blue moon. 
 
However, this all changed when a hobby astronomer, James Hugh Pruett, wrote an article that was published in the magazine <a href='http://skyandtelescope.com'> 
Sky and Telescope</a> in 1946. He defined a blue moon as any second full moon in a calendar month. 
 
This definition was incorrect, but it was so much easier to understand that the world scrambled to embrace this new definition. 
 
You might be feeling a little disheartened that the moon won't be blue, but blue moons in terms of color have been seen in the past under very special circumstances. 
 
Usually, these moons are reported after a volcanic eruption or even a forest fire, which release plumes of 
particles that rise into the atmosphere. The particles happen to be the perfect size to scatter away red light, only allowing blue light through the dust cloud. Out of the ashes, a blue moon appears. 
 
<a href='http://ifls.com'>IFLS</a> 
 
<a href='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-v6UZ2KyJpjc/VbsrPmwc4PI/AAAAAAAAAG0/hMyfNBjEwrM/s2560/1438329660547.jpeg' onblur='try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}'><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-v6UZ2KyJpjc/VbsrPmwc4PI/AAAAAAAAAG0/hMyfNBjEwrM/s350/1438329660547.jpeg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;"/></a></div>

This Friday, There Would Be a Blue Moon

This Friday, there will be a once in a blue moon occurrence. If you step outside, you might find yourself gazing out at a brimming, full moo...

How Ship's Floatation on Water Is Possible

<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>Why is that an iron Rod sink in water? But imagine a ship made by an iron rod does not sink? 
 
This question was asked by one of our readers and I considered it worthy of a blog post. 
 
The ability of an object to float on water depends on factors such as the nature of object, the surface area and so on. 
Let's consider the principle of floatation popularly known as Archimedes's principle, he noted that for an object to float on water, the weight of object must equal the upthrust on the object when immersed in water. 
However it's most important to know that an object only floats on a water if and only if the weight of the body equals the upthrust before it's fully immersed in a liquid. 
Have you witnessed that it's possible for a rubber cup containing water to sink in a bucket of water and a steel cup to float. The both can sink and float based on the condition stated above. 
 
Coming back to your question, you pointed out that iron sinks and so should anything made of it. That's wrong. 
Here we are talking of the surface area, ship has a large surface area and thus before it can sink, it has to displace a large amount of water and its weight on the water leads to increase in upthrust on the ship and thus the weight and the upthrust equals each other. 
The effect of surface area can be seen in this way. 
We know if a stone and a paper are fallen at a height and at the same time in a vacuum, they land the same time. Why that's is not true if done in the atmosphere is that the stone has small surface area unlike the paper. 
 
So the paper has to overcome more resistance from the air i.e displace more air to land compared to the stone.</div>

How Ship's Floatation on Water Is Possible

Why is that an iron Rod sink in water? But imagine a ship made by an iron rod does not sink? This question was asked by one of our readers...

SKIN AS BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATOR

SKIN AS BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATOR

The skin as we all know is the largest organ in the body. Also with exception of the bones and cartilages, it's the toughest tissue in t...

WHY WE URINATE MUCH AND OFTEN ON A COLD WEATHER OR DAY

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No one can claim that he's oblivious of the fact that we tend to urinate more and often during cold weather. Yes you heard me right! 
 
But why is it so? 
Well let me address the question once and for all. 
 
First! How does the body react during cold and hot weather with regard to even temperature distribution through out the body. 
 
But then when does one feel warm and cold? 
I mean how does the body cope with hemostasis, to sound less complex the regulation of the body's temperature in order to attain and maintain a fairly constant temperature rate. 
 
The blood and the skin see to that. 
The blood cell does its by even distribution of blood around the body to ensure an even body temperature. 
To be precise, the blood disperse the temperature of a particular part of the body to all other parts of the body. <a href="http://sciencezone12.blogspot.in/2015/02/skin-as-body-temperature-regulator.html/">The skin does its as body temperature regulator</a> 
 
The body is usually warm on a hot day as a result of heat from the sun and high metabolic activity in the body. When the body is warm, there's a stimulation for sweat production and this is due to the high metabolic activity of the liver which heats up the body. 
 
For the sweat to be evaporated from the body, latent heat of vaporization is derived from the body and thus the body's temperature is continually reduced as the sweat evaporate. 
This and cold weather bring about the sensation of cold stimuli while hot weather and high metabolic activity within the body lead to warm sensation we feel. 
 
Acknowledging this, it's also important to understand how the body dispose sweat in each atmospheric condition and thus why we urinate much and often during cold weather or atmospheric condition than the warm one. 
 
During hot weather, the skin helps the liver dispose excess salt or sweat produced by the sweat gland through body sweating because the sweat gland is highly active and produces high amount of sweat. 
 
Unlike hot atmospheric condition, the sweat gland is inactive during a cold day and produces very little sweat. The effect of this is a drastic reduction of heat or sweat loss through evaporation. Not only does this result to body heat conservation but also result to the skin not excreting excess salts or sweat and then the sweat become excreted by the liver as urine. 
That's why we urinate much and often on a cold weather or day.</div>

WHY WE URINATE MUCH AND OFTEN ON A COLD WEATHER OR DAY

No one can claim that he's oblivious of the fact that we tend to urinate more and often during cold weather. Yes you heard me right! ...

Functions Of White Blood Cells And Immunization

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People can protect themselves from serious diseases by carrying out immunization i.e artificial immunization. 
 
But then, what's immunization?  
Immunization is the process of ingesting substances that is primed to make ones immune system  resistant to a specific pathogenic organisms or disease. Immunity created in the body is called natural immunization while the ones created by humans are called artificial immunity. 
 
Let's now know how artificial immunization is possible. 
 
We all know that the solid component of the blood known as the white blood cell carries out the important function of defending the body from pathogens or diseases. To make this more efficient,  the white blood cell is further categorized in two which include the phagocytes (that carry out phagocytosis, i.e ingestion of pathogens ) and the lymphocytes that secret substances called antibodies that function as follows in relation with the phagocytes. 
 
-Neutralization: the lymphocytes  neutralize the toxic produced by those pathogens or render them inactive. 
-Flocculation: The lymphocytes secret the disease causing organisms with antibodies that would cause them to clump together and then ingested by the phagocytes. 
 Clotting: during the process of clotting, the lymphocytes got attached to the mesh of fibrin that block the cut and thus prevent the entry of pathogenic organisms. 
 
Let's break down the lymphocytes a bit further. 
 
The lymphocytes are further classified into two principal groups and the null-group. 
B-lymphocytes: produce antibodies in the humoral immune response. 
 
T-lymphocytes: participate in the cell mediated immune response. 
 
The null-group contains the cytotoxic cells (natural killer cells) and  participates in the cell innate immune response. 
 
It's now important to note that a particular type of pathogen stimulates the production of a particular antibody. 
 
How immunization works: 
The artificial immunization is simply aimed at making or creating an awareness of a possible presence a disease and causing the lymphocytes to recognize them. 
This is done by ingesting a small dose of dead or weakened causal micro-organism of such disease into the body. 
This will quickly draw the attention of the lymphocytes and thus effect the production of a specific antibody that would kill the disease. 
 
So when these white blood cells are destroyed,  the body is left defenseless and thus exposed to any possible disease or pathogen. This exactly what AIDS does. 
 
It attacks and destroys the white blood cells. The diseased is left defenseless and different diseases invade the body. This will lead to the actual death of the person. What Aids does is only destroying the body immune,then the different diseases that invade the body lead to the death of such. 
 
Got any suggestion? 
Use the comment space. 
 </div>

Functions Of White Blood Cells And Immunization

People can protect themselves from serious diseases by carrying out immunization i.e artificial immunization. But then, what's immuni...

Why Well and Water Table Are Warm at Night or Morning During Winters

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It is widely noticed in our various life activities that well water and underground water are warm at night/morning but cold at the day during winters. 
In fact! Am a witness to that strange occurrence. Back in my childhood days, we usually ran to the well to draw water for our bath in the morning after comparisons has been made on the temperature of well, tank and underground water to normal ones. 
 
This sounds so ridiculous because the reverse is obvious with regards to the temperature differences at night and day and factors that effect temperature at whole. 
How comes this strange phenomenon? 
Why the reverse change in temperature? 
 
Let's see what answer nature has to offer us and the mystery behind this strange and odd... 
 
Let's study first the temperature of the atmosphere (which affects the water on the earth's surface) and the one beneath the earth or underground (which affect the water-table or underground water). 
 
Temperature on the earth's surface or atmosphere is easily influenced by external factors e.g weather conditions while the temperature beneath the earth crust is fairly constant ( fairly affected by changes). 
 
So if for example the normal temperature of the two kind of water in question is 1degree Celsius, after the heating of earth's surface by the sun and the cooling <a href="http://sciencezone12.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-higher-you-go-cooler-it-becomes.html"> read also-the higher you go, the cooler it becomes</a> the temperature of the water would drop below 1 degree Celsius but that of the underground water remain fairly constant e.g 1 degree Celsius. 
 
When we then touch the two water, we realize the underground is warmer than the other. 
 
Another reason is that heat of molten magma of any occurring intrusive volcanic eruption may affect the temperature of the underground water.</div>
</div>

Why Well and Water Table Are Warm at Night or Morning During Winters

It is widely noticed in our various life activities that well water and underground water are warm at night/morning but cold at the day du...

IMPORTANCE OF FLIES TO LIFE

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That moment you are eating in an exposed place and the next thing is viam... a fly just perched on your food. 
 
Flies; one of the living organisms I hate most. Their presence alone irritate me. I always know them for their disadvantages and never saw anything good in them. I often classify them as the worst enemy to man's health because of their frequent visit to wastes. 
 
With that said, they're therefore vector of different diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera (housefly), trypanosomiasis; caused by a protozoan called trypanosome carried by tsetse fly and the list continues... 
 
Of what importance are houseflies? Are they created to deplete life or for inconvenience sake? 
I asked myself for I know that nature has made everything to be in harmony; beneficial to life it consist either in terms of feeding relationship or otherwise. 
 
To which organism is housefly a prey to? 
What role has it to play to life? 
 
"This housefly is actually gutted" I said to myself bewildered after making several gestures to scare off one that was just staring at me if not reckoning me. 
 
On closer observation, I noticed that my poor enemy looking fresh with eyes opened has no life in it. 
Whaaaaat!!! I exclaimed. 
"Which fluid feeder must have done this" I asked myself when the poor thing just turned to powder from my touch. 
 
Spider- a predator to housefly I figured out after some days. 
Housefly contributes to food chain, that's now obvious. Is that all? 
I found this study interesting now. 
 
Waste visitor, apart from taking toxic substances from waste, what else do they (houseflies) do to wastes. 
Funny enough each waste product they visit decays there after. 
Damn it!!! Houseflies are also decomposers through the larvae they bear. 
 
Here they play the greatest role one can ever think of. 
 
- Recycling of nutrients which brings about life indefinite. 
 
-Getting ride of dead organisms which would've made the environment disgustful, think about it if all dead things remain on earth surface. 
 
-Enrichment of soil nutrients which brings about adequate growth of plants we eat. 
 
- Release of carbon to the atmosphere which plants use during photosynthesis through decay of dead organism. 
 
...So, whenever you see them busy on waste or dead things, know they're carrying out their divine assignment. 
 
NOTE: Houseflies are not the only decomposers.</div>
</div>

IMPORTANCE OF FLIES TO LIFE

That moment you are eating in an exposed place and the next thing is viam... a fly just perched on your food. Flies; one of the living ...

WHY DO TREES SHED THEIR LEAVES DURING WINTER?

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Being at a lower class back then in college is an experience one has to live up with. Fascinating, thrilling and also terrifying in sense that you always have to be 
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pushed around by those in higher form. 
 
One of the most challenging period then and will continue to be is returning back to school from the Xmas holiday. 
 
The school compound is messed-up by heaps of dry-shed leaves laying here and there. 
Of course you know whose responsibility to clear them - 'the junior students '. 
To get that done quickly, the senior students' services is employed. 
 
With sweat all over my body while working under the sun and dirt stocked-in in my fingers... for we were provided with crude or no tools at all; I would yell at the trees, " for goodness sake, why can't you hold on to your leaves". 
 
"WHY DO TREES SHED THEIR LEAFS" I wondered. This I keep on wondering till am advanced in class. Damn it! The trees respond to stimuli. 
 
During the winter, they try to save the little water that they can find. And to minimize loss of water to the atmosphere, they shed their leaves. Trees loose water through their leaves(stomata) 
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by a process known as transpiration.</div>
</div>

WHY DO TREES SHED THEIR LEAVES DURING WINTER?

Being at a lower class back then in college is an experience one has to live up with. Fascinating, thrilling and also terrifying in sense...

A DAY ON MERCURY EQUALS 58 EARTH DAYS

A day on any planet is considered to be a full rotation. We’re used to this rotation taking around twenty-four hours and so it seems bizar...

Top 10 Scientific Laws and Theories that you Should Really Know.

10. Big Bang Theory If you're going to know one
scientific
theory, make it the one that explains
how the universe arrived at its present
state. Based on research performed by
Edwin Hubble, Georges Lemaitre and
Albert Einstein, among others, the big bang theory
postulates that the
universe began almost 14 billion years
ago with a massive expansion event.
At the time, the universe was confined
to a single point, encompassing all of
the universe's matter. That original movement
continues today, as the
universe keeps expanding outward.
The theory of the big bang gained
widespread support in the scientific
community after Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson discovered cosmic microwave
background radiation in
1965. Using radio telescopes, the two
astronomers detected cosmic noise, or
static, that didn't dissipate over time.
Collaborating with Princeton
researcher Robert Dicke, the pair confirmed
Dicke's hypothesis that the
original big bang left behind low-level
radiation detectable throughout the
universe. 
 
9.Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion: 
 Let's stick with Edwin Hubble for a
second. While the 1920s roared past
and the Great Depression limped by,
Hubble was performing
groundbreaking astronomical
research. Hubble not only proved that there were
other galaxies besides the
Milky Way, he also discovered that
these galaxies were zipping away
from our own, a motion he called
recession.
In order to quantify the velocity of this galactic
movement, Hubble proposed
Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion,
aka Hubble's law, an equation that
states: velocity = H0 × distance.
Velocity represents the galaxy's
recessional velocity; H0 is the Hubble constant,
or parameter that indicates
the rate at which the universe is
expanding; and distance is the
galaxy's distance from the one with
which it's being compare. 
 
8.Kepler's Laws of
Planetary Motion: 
Kepler's three laws of planetary
motion -- formed in the early 17th
century -- describe how planets orbit
the sun. The first law, sometimes called
the law of orbits, states that planets
orbit the sun elliptically. The second law, the law
of areas, states that a line
connecting a planet to the sun covers
an equal area over equal periods of
time. In other words, if you're
measuring the area created by
drawing a line from the Earth to the sun and
tracking the Earth's
movement over 30 days, the area will
be the same no matter where the Earth
is in its orbit when measurements
begin. 
 
7.Universal Law of Gravitation: 
 We may
take it for granted now, but
more than 300 years ago Sir Isaac
Newton proposed a revolutionary
idea: that any two objects, no matter
their mass, exert gravitational force
toward one another. This law is represented by
an equation that many
high schoolers encounter in physics
class. It goes as follows: F = G × [(m1m2)/r²]
F is the gravitational force between the
two objects, measured in Newtons. M1
and m2 are the masses of the two
objects, while r is the distance
between them. G is the gravitational constant, a
number currently
calculated to be 6.672 × 10-11 N m²
kg-2 The benefit of the universal law ofgravitation is
that it allows us to
calculate the gravitational pull
between any two objects. This ability is
especially useful when scientists are,
say, planning to put a satellite in orbit or charting
the course of the moon. 
 
6.Newton's Laws of
Motion: 
 The first of the three laws states an
object in motion stays in motion unless
acted upon by an outside force. For a
ball rolling across the floor, that
outside force could be the friction
between the ball and the floor, or it could be the
toddler that kicks the ball
in another direction. The second law establishes a
connection between an object's mass
(m) and its acceleration (a), in the form
of the equation F = m × a. F represents
force, measured in Newtons. It's also a
vector, meaning it has a directional component.
Owing to its acceleration,
that ball rolling across the floor has a
particular vector, a direction in which
it's traveling, and it's accounted for in
calculating its force.
The third law is rather pithy and should be
familiar to you: For every
action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. That is, for every force
applied to an object or surface, that
object pushes back with equal force. 
 
5 .Laws of
Thermodynamics The British physicist and
novelist C.P.
Snow once said that a non scientist
who didn't know the second law of
thermodynamics was like a scientist
who had never read Shakespeare].His now's now- famous
statement was meant to
emphasize both the importance of
thermodynamics and the necessity for
non scientists to learn about it.
Thermodynamics is the study of how
energy works in a system, whether it's an engine
or the Earth's core. It can be
reduced to several basic laws, which
Snow cleverly summed up as follows You can't win.
You can't break even.
You can't quit the game. Let's unpack these a bit. 
 
By saying you
can't win, Snow meant that since
matter and energy are conserved, you
can't get one without giving up some
of the other (i.e., E=mc²). It also means
that for an engine to produce work, you have to
supply heat, although in
anything other than a perfectly closed
system, some heat is inevitably lost to
the outside world, which then leads to
the second law. 
 The second statement -- you
can't
break even -- means that due to ever-
increasing entropy, you can't return to
the same energy state. Energy
concentrated in one place will always
flow to places of lower concentration. 
Finally, the
third law -- you can't quit
the game -- refers to absolute zero, the
lowest theoretical temperature
possible, measured at zero Kelvin or
(minus 273.15 degrees Celsius and
minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit). When a
system reaches absolute zero,
molecules stop all movement, meaning
that there is no kinetic energy, and
entropy reaches its lowest possible
value. But in the real world, even in the
recesses of space, reaching absolutely zero is
impossible -- you can only get
very close to it. 
 
 4.Archimedes' Buoyancy
Principle : 
According to Archimedes'buoyancy
principle, the force acting on, or
buoying, a submerged or partially
submerged object equals the weight
of the liquid that the object displaces.
This sort of principle has an immense range of
applications and is essential
to calculations of density, as well as
designing submarines and other
oceangoing vessels. 
 
 3. Evolution and Natural
Selection In a basic sense, this differentiation
occurred through evolution, through
descent with modification 
 
 Populations of organisms
developed different traits, through
mechanisms such as mutation. Those with traits
that were more beneficial to
survival such as, a frog whose brown
coloring allows it to be camouflaged in
a swamp, were naturally selected for
survival; hence the term natural
selection. It's possible to expand upon both of
these theories at greater length, but
this is the basic, and groundbreaking,
discovery that Darwin made in the
19th century: that evolution through
natural selection accounts for the tremendous
diversity of life on Earth. 
 
2.Theory of General
Relativity: 
Albert Einstein's theory of general
relativity remains an important and
essential discovery because it
permanently altered how we look at
the universe.
Einstein's major
breakthrough was to say that space and time are
not absolutes and that
gravity is not simply a force applied to
an object or mass. Rather, the gravity
associated with any mass curves the
very space and time (often called
space-time) around it. 
 
 To conceptualize this,
imagine you're
traveling across the Earth in a straight
line, heading east, starting somewhere
in the Northern Hemisphere. After a
while, if someone were to pinpoint
your position on a map, you'd actually be both
east and far south of your
original position. That's because the
Earth is curved. To travel directly east,
you'd have to take into account the
shape of the Earth and angle yourself
slightly north. (Think about the difference
between a flat paper map
and a spherical globe.) 
 
1. Heisenberg's
Uncertainty Principle : 
Einstein's broader theory of
relativity
told us more about how the universe
works and helped to lay the
foundation for quantum physics, but it
also introduced more confusion into
theoretical science. In 1927, this sense that the
universe's laws were, in some
contexts, flexible, led to a
groundbreaking discovery by the
German scientist Werner Heisenberg. In
postulating his Uncertainty
Principle, Heisenberg realized that it
was impossible to simultaneously
know, with a high level of precision,
two properties of a particle. In other
words, you can know the position of an electron
with a high degree of
certainty, but not its momentum and
vice versa. Niels Bohr later made a discovery that
helps to explain Heisenberg's
principle. Bohr found that an electron
has the qualities of both a particle and
a wave, a concept known as wave-
particle duality, which has become a cornerstone
of quantum physics. So
when we measure an electron's
position, we are treating it as a particle
at a specific point in space, with an
uncertain wavelength. When we
measure its momentum, we are treating it as a wave,
meaning we can know the amplitude of its
wavelength
but not its location.

Top 10 Scientific Laws and Theories that you Should Really Know.

10. Big Bang Theory If you're going to know one scientific theory, make it the one that explains how the universe arrived at its pres...

THE HIGHER YOU GO, THE COOLER IT BECOMES

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YES I know the tittle sounds ridiculous because we do know that the sun is situated far higher in space. 
 
Also I guess it's normal for everyone to think that the further you move into the atmosphere,  the higher the heat intensity should be provided we're inch closer to the sun. 
Nevertheless,  this Phenomenon proves your thinking wrong with fantastic reasons. 
However this phenomenon is only true during the day. 
 
 Let's unravel the mystery now... 
 
Explanation of the phenomenon "the higher you  go, the cooler it becomes". 
 
In the atmosphere, there're no objects by which heat can be absorbed unlike the earth's surface where heat is absorbed by numerous objects. Those objects especially the good conductors in turn transfer the heat to surrounding objects or whatever they come in contact with. 
 
In other words, you just touched a desk that has been exposed to the sun; you felt the hotness of the desk because the heat absorbed by the object has been transferred to you. That way, heat is easily circulated on the earth surface. 
So the remnant of the heat radiation absorbed by the ozone layer comes directly to the earth surface leaving the atmosphere free from heat because there're no objects there let alone a conductor... 
Thus place nearer to the earth surface is warmer than the farer one. 
But in the night, it's the reverse because  there's no more heat radiation and the heat contents on the earth's surface is being evaporated leaving the earth's surface cool... 
 
You should figure out the rest! 
Greetings!!! 
</div>

THE HIGHER YOU GO, THE COOLER IT BECOMES

YES I know the tittle sounds ridiculous because we do know that the sun is situated far higher in space. Also I guess it's normal for...

DOES THE MOON MOVE?

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This's a very good question every learned person 
would like to know. Have you ever wondered why
the moon is in a different place every night?. 
 
There are two reasons. 
 
First of all, it depends on 
what time of day you are looking at the moon. For example, if you go outside tonight at 7:00 and tomorrow at 11:00, you would see the moon in two very different places in the sky. Not only that, but all the stars would be in different places in the sky as well!   
This is because the earth is spinning. 
It takes 24 hours for the the earth to spin once 
around, which means that from our point of view 
(sitting on the earth's surface) it looks like the 
sky and everything in it is moving around us once 
per 24 hours. (This is the same reason that the 
sun rises and sets every day, giving us daytime 
and nighttime.) 
 
But what would happen if you went outside on the second night at the exact same time you went out on the first night (7:00)? 
The stars will be in almost the same part of the sky as they were the first night. (Since you waited 24 hours, they had time to "move" around the earth once and get back to where they were before.) But the moon will be in a different place! In fact, you would have to wait a little while (usually an extra 30 minutes or an hour) until it got back to the same place as it was the night before. 
 
So what happened? 
How come the moon "fell behind" everything else? 
The answer is that the moon is moving. All the 
stars in the sky are pretty much standing still - 
they only look like they're moving because the 
earth is spinning, as I said above. But the moon 
is actually moving in orbit around the earth - it 
takes about a month for it to complete one circle 
around us.   
So the moon's motion has two parts to 
it. It looks like it's moving around the earth once 
per day along with everything else, but in addition to that it is actually moving around the earth once per month. That is what makes it move to a different place on the sky. 
It is even possible to watch the moon move, if 
you are patient enough. 
 
 If you carefully keep track of the moon and a nearby star for an hour or so, you should be able to see the distance between them change! 
 
 Moreover the moon is a satellite and all satellites 
move.</div>

DOES THE MOON MOVE?

This's a very good question every learned person would like to know. Have you ever wondered why the moon is in a different place eve...

WHY DO WE SALIVATE ON SIGHTING THE FOOD WE LIKE

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Well there is no theory behind this statement . It's
only an assumption. 
 
Here is my own view; 
 
When we think of good food we want to eat, we are tickling our appetite. When we do so, our salivary glands produce more saliva (hence our mouth "watering") in lieu of the effects to our appetite. 
Saliva contains enzymes and lubricants that help you begin the process of digestion as soon as food gets in your mouth. 
When you think of savory food, 
your body takes this as a cue to start gearing up for another round of digestion. 
Your 3 salivary glands (parotids, sublinguals, and submentals) begin excreting what they have stored and producing more for the upcoming morsel. 
 
This process of preparing to begin digesting food manifests a "watering" in your mouth. 
People with Sjogren's Syndrome lose their salivary glands, therefore their mouths don't undergo the same "watering" reaction that most people experience in response to savory food.</div>

WHY DO WE SALIVATE ON SIGHTING THE FOOD WE LIKE

Well there is no theory behind this statement . It's only an assumption. Here is my own view; When we think of good food we want ...

WHY DO WE DREAM?

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First, let’s start by answering a basic question – 
What is a dream? 
 A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. 
 
So why do we dream? 
What purpose dreams serve? 
 
While many theories have been proposed, no single consensus has emerged. Considering the enormous amount of time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling.   
However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. 
Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no 
real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. 
 
Ernest Hoffman, director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Newton Wellesley Hospital in Boston, Mass., suggests that "...a possible (though 
certainly not proven) function of a dream is to be 
weaving new material into the memory system in a way that both reduces emotional arousal and is adaptive in helping us cope with further trauma or stressful events."   
Next, let’s learn more about some of the most 
prominent dream theories. 
 
Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams: 
Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, 
Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams suggested that dreams were a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic view of personality, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. 
While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, Freud suggested that they find their way into our awareness via dreams. 
 
In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams, 
Freud wrote that dreams are "...disguised 
fulfillments of repressed wishes." He also described two different components of dreams: manifest content and latent content. 
Manifest content is made up of the actual images, thoughts and content contained within the dream, while the latent content represents the hidden psychological meaning of the dream. 
Freud’s theory contributed to the popularity of 
dream interpretation, which remains popular today. 
However, research has failed to demonstrate that 
the manifest content disguises the real psychological significance of a dream. 
 
Activation- Synthesis Model of Dreaming: 
The activation-synthesis model of dreaming was 
first proposed by J. Allan Hobson and Robert 
McClarley in 1977. According to this theory, circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep which causes areas of the limbic system involved in emotions, sensations and memories, including the amygdala and hippocampus, to become active. 
The brain synthesizes and interprets this internal activity and attempts to find meaning in these signals, which results in dreaming. 
This model suggests that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. 
While this theory suggests that dreams are the 
result of internally generated signals, Hobson does not believe that dreams are meaningless. Instead, he suggests that dreaming is "…our most creative conscious state, one in which the chaotic, spontaneous recombination of cognitive elements produces novel configurations of information: new ideas. While many or even most of these ideas may be nonsensical, if even a few of its fanciful products are truly useful, our dream time will not have been wasted." 
 
Information-Processing Theories: 
One of the major theories to explain why we sleep is that sleep allows us to consolidate and process all of the information that we have collected during the previous day. 
Some dream experts suggest that dreaming is simply a by product or even an active part of this information-processing. 
As we deal with the multitude of information and memories from the daytime, our sleeping minds create images, impressions, and narratives to manage all of the activity going on inside our heads as we slumber.</div>

WHY DO WE DREAM?

First, let’s start by answering a basic question – What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that ...

Science Zone