Science Zone

Functions Of White Blood Cells And Immunization

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People can protect themselves from serious diseases by carrying out immunization i.e artificial immunization. 
 
But then, what's immunization?  
Immunization is the process of ingesting substances that is primed to make ones immune system  resistant to a specific pathogenic organisms or disease. Immunity created in the body is called natural immunization while the ones created by humans are called artificial immunity. 
 
Let's now know how artificial immunization is possible. 
 
We all know that the solid component of the blood known as the white blood cell carries out the important function of defending the body from pathogens or diseases. To make this more efficient,  the white blood cell is further categorized in two which include the phagocytes (that carry out phagocytosis, i.e ingestion of pathogens ) and the lymphocytes that secret substances called antibodies that function as follows in relation with the phagocytes. 
 
-Neutralization: the lymphocytes  neutralize the toxic produced by those pathogens or render them inactive. 
-Flocculation: The lymphocytes secret the disease causing organisms with antibodies that would cause them to clump together and then ingested by the phagocytes. 
 Clotting: during the process of clotting, the lymphocytes got attached to the mesh of fibrin that block the cut and thus prevent the entry of pathogenic organisms. 
 
Let's break down the lymphocytes a bit further. 
 
The lymphocytes are further classified into two principal groups and the null-group. 
B-lymphocytes: produce antibodies in the humoral immune response. 
 
T-lymphocytes: participate in the cell mediated immune response. 
 
The null-group contains the cytotoxic cells (natural killer cells) and  participates in the cell innate immune response. 
 
It's now important to note that a particular type of pathogen stimulates the production of a particular antibody. 
 
How immunization works: 
The artificial immunization is simply aimed at making or creating an awareness of a possible presence a disease and causing the lymphocytes to recognize them. 
This is done by ingesting a small dose of dead or weakened causal micro-organism of such disease into the body. 
This will quickly draw the attention of the lymphocytes and thus effect the production of a specific antibody that would kill the disease. 
 
So when these white blood cells are destroyed,  the body is left defenseless and thus exposed to any possible disease or pathogen. This exactly what AIDS does. 
 
It attacks and destroys the white blood cells. The diseased is left defenseless and different diseases invade the body. This will lead to the actual death of the person. What Aids does is only destroying the body immune,then the different diseases that invade the body lead to the death of such. 
 
Got any suggestion? 
Use the comment space. 
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Functions Of White Blood Cells And Immunization

People can protect themselves from serious diseases by carrying out immunization i.e artificial immunization. But then, what's immuni...

Why Well and Water Table Are Warm at Night or Morning During Winters

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It is widely noticed in our various life activities that well water and underground water are warm at night/morning but cold at the day during winters. 
In fact! Am a witness to that strange occurrence. Back in my childhood days, we usually ran to the well to draw water for our bath in the morning after comparisons has been made on the temperature of well, tank and underground water to normal ones. 
 
This sounds so ridiculous because the reverse is obvious with regards to the temperature differences at night and day and factors that effect temperature at whole. 
How comes this strange phenomenon? 
Why the reverse change in temperature? 
 
Let's see what answer nature has to offer us and the mystery behind this strange and odd... 
 
Let's study first the temperature of the atmosphere (which affects the water on the earth's surface) and the one beneath the earth or underground (which affect the water-table or underground water). 
 
Temperature on the earth's surface or atmosphere is easily influenced by external factors e.g weather conditions while the temperature beneath the earth crust is fairly constant ( fairly affected by changes). 
 
So if for example the normal temperature of the two kind of water in question is 1degree Celsius, after the heating of earth's surface by the sun and the cooling <a href="http://sciencezone12.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-higher-you-go-cooler-it-becomes.html"> read also-the higher you go, the cooler it becomes</a> the temperature of the water would drop below 1 degree Celsius but that of the underground water remain fairly constant e.g 1 degree Celsius. 
 
When we then touch the two water, we realize the underground is warmer than the other. 
 
Another reason is that heat of molten magma of any occurring intrusive volcanic eruption may affect the temperature of the underground water.</div>
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Why Well and Water Table Are Warm at Night or Morning During Winters

It is widely noticed in our various life activities that well water and underground water are warm at night/morning but cold at the day du...

IMPORTANCE OF FLIES TO LIFE

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That moment you are eating in an exposed place and the next thing is viam... a fly just perched on your food. 
 
Flies; one of the living organisms I hate most. Their presence alone irritate me. I always know them for their disadvantages and never saw anything good in them. I often classify them as the worst enemy to man's health because of their frequent visit to wastes. 
 
With that said, they're therefore vector of different diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera (housefly), trypanosomiasis; caused by a protozoan called trypanosome carried by tsetse fly and the list continues... 
 
Of what importance are houseflies? Are they created to deplete life or for inconvenience sake? 
I asked myself for I know that nature has made everything to be in harmony; beneficial to life it consist either in terms of feeding relationship or otherwise. 
 
To which organism is housefly a prey to? 
What role has it to play to life? 
 
"This housefly is actually gutted" I said to myself bewildered after making several gestures to scare off one that was just staring at me if not reckoning me. 
 
On closer observation, I noticed that my poor enemy looking fresh with eyes opened has no life in it. 
Whaaaaat!!! I exclaimed. 
"Which fluid feeder must have done this" I asked myself when the poor thing just turned to powder from my touch. 
 
Spider- a predator to housefly I figured out after some days. 
Housefly contributes to food chain, that's now obvious. Is that all? 
I found this study interesting now. 
 
Waste visitor, apart from taking toxic substances from waste, what else do they (houseflies) do to wastes. 
Funny enough each waste product they visit decays there after. 
Damn it!!! Houseflies are also decomposers through the larvae they bear. 
 
Here they play the greatest role one can ever think of. 
 
- Recycling of nutrients which brings about life indefinite. 
 
-Getting ride of dead organisms which would've made the environment disgustful, think about it if all dead things remain on earth surface. 
 
-Enrichment of soil nutrients which brings about adequate growth of plants we eat. 
 
- Release of carbon to the atmosphere which plants use during photosynthesis through decay of dead organism. 
 
...So, whenever you see them busy on waste or dead things, know they're carrying out their divine assignment. 
 
NOTE: Houseflies are not the only decomposers.</div>
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IMPORTANCE OF FLIES TO LIFE

That moment you are eating in an exposed place and the next thing is viam... a fly just perched on your food. Flies; one of the living ...

WHY DO TREES SHED THEIR LEAVES DURING WINTER?

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Being at a lower class back then in college is an experience one has to live up with. Fascinating, thrilling and also terrifying in sense that you always have to be 
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pushed around by those in higher form. 
 
One of the most challenging period then and will continue to be is returning back to school from the Xmas holiday. 
 
The school compound is messed-up by heaps of dry-shed leaves laying here and there. 
Of course you know whose responsibility to clear them - 'the junior students '. 
To get that done quickly, the senior students' services is employed. 
 
With sweat all over my body while working under the sun and dirt stocked-in in my fingers... for we were provided with crude or no tools at all; I would yell at the trees, " for goodness sake, why can't you hold on to your leaves". 
 
"WHY DO TREES SHED THEIR LEAFS" I wondered. This I keep on wondering till am advanced in class. Damn it! The trees respond to stimuli. 
 
During the winter, they try to save the little water that they can find. And to minimize loss of water to the atmosphere, they shed their leaves. Trees loose water through their leaves(stomata) 
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by a process known as transpiration.</div>
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WHY DO TREES SHED THEIR LEAVES DURING WINTER?

Being at a lower class back then in college is an experience one has to live up with. Fascinating, thrilling and also terrifying in sense...

A DAY ON MERCURY EQUALS 58 EARTH DAYS

A day on any planet is considered to be a full rotation. We’re used to this rotation taking around twenty-four hours and so it seems bizar...

Top 10 Scientific Laws and Theories that you Should Really Know.

10. Big Bang Theory If you're going to know one
scientific
theory, make it the one that explains
how the universe arrived at its present
state. Based on research performed by
Edwin Hubble, Georges Lemaitre and
Albert Einstein, among others, the big bang theory
postulates that the
universe began almost 14 billion years
ago with a massive expansion event.
At the time, the universe was confined
to a single point, encompassing all of
the universe's matter. That original movement
continues today, as the
universe keeps expanding outward.
The theory of the big bang gained
widespread support in the scientific
community after Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson discovered cosmic microwave
background radiation in
1965. Using radio telescopes, the two
astronomers detected cosmic noise, or
static, that didn't dissipate over time.
Collaborating with Princeton
researcher Robert Dicke, the pair confirmed
Dicke's hypothesis that the
original big bang left behind low-level
radiation detectable throughout the
universe. 
 
9.Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion: 
 Let's stick with Edwin Hubble for a
second. While the 1920s roared past
and the Great Depression limped by,
Hubble was performing
groundbreaking astronomical
research. Hubble not only proved that there were
other galaxies besides the
Milky Way, he also discovered that
these galaxies were zipping away
from our own, a motion he called
recession.
In order to quantify the velocity of this galactic
movement, Hubble proposed
Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion,
aka Hubble's law, an equation that
states: velocity = H0 × distance.
Velocity represents the galaxy's
recessional velocity; H0 is the Hubble constant,
or parameter that indicates
the rate at which the universe is
expanding; and distance is the
galaxy's distance from the one with
which it's being compare. 
 
8.Kepler's Laws of
Planetary Motion: 
Kepler's three laws of planetary
motion -- formed in the early 17th
century -- describe how planets orbit
the sun. The first law, sometimes called
the law of orbits, states that planets
orbit the sun elliptically. The second law, the law
of areas, states that a line
connecting a planet to the sun covers
an equal area over equal periods of
time. In other words, if you're
measuring the area created by
drawing a line from the Earth to the sun and
tracking the Earth's
movement over 30 days, the area will
be the same no matter where the Earth
is in its orbit when measurements
begin. 
 
7.Universal Law of Gravitation: 
 We may
take it for granted now, but
more than 300 years ago Sir Isaac
Newton proposed a revolutionary
idea: that any two objects, no matter
their mass, exert gravitational force
toward one another. This law is represented by
an equation that many
high schoolers encounter in physics
class. It goes as follows: F = G × [(m1m2)/r²]
F is the gravitational force between the
two objects, measured in Newtons. M1
and m2 are the masses of the two
objects, while r is the distance
between them. G is the gravitational constant, a
number currently
calculated to be 6.672 × 10-11 N m²
kg-2 The benefit of the universal law ofgravitation is
that it allows us to
calculate the gravitational pull
between any two objects. This ability is
especially useful when scientists are,
say, planning to put a satellite in orbit or charting
the course of the moon. 
 
6.Newton's Laws of
Motion: 
 The first of the three laws states an
object in motion stays in motion unless
acted upon by an outside force. For a
ball rolling across the floor, that
outside force could be the friction
between the ball and the floor, or it could be the
toddler that kicks the ball
in another direction. The second law establishes a
connection between an object's mass
(m) and its acceleration (a), in the form
of the equation F = m × a. F represents
force, measured in Newtons. It's also a
vector, meaning it has a directional component.
Owing to its acceleration,
that ball rolling across the floor has a
particular vector, a direction in which
it's traveling, and it's accounted for in
calculating its force.
The third law is rather pithy and should be
familiar to you: For every
action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. That is, for every force
applied to an object or surface, that
object pushes back with equal force. 
 
5 .Laws of
Thermodynamics The British physicist and
novelist C.P.
Snow once said that a non scientist
who didn't know the second law of
thermodynamics was like a scientist
who had never read Shakespeare].His now's now- famous
statement was meant to
emphasize both the importance of
thermodynamics and the necessity for
non scientists to learn about it.
Thermodynamics is the study of how
energy works in a system, whether it's an engine
or the Earth's core. It can be
reduced to several basic laws, which
Snow cleverly summed up as follows You can't win.
You can't break even.
You can't quit the game. Let's unpack these a bit. 
 
By saying you
can't win, Snow meant that since
matter and energy are conserved, you
can't get one without giving up some
of the other (i.e., E=mc²). It also means
that for an engine to produce work, you have to
supply heat, although in
anything other than a perfectly closed
system, some heat is inevitably lost to
the outside world, which then leads to
the second law. 
 The second statement -- you
can't
break even -- means that due to ever-
increasing entropy, you can't return to
the same energy state. Energy
concentrated in one place will always
flow to places of lower concentration. 
Finally, the
third law -- you can't quit
the game -- refers to absolute zero, the
lowest theoretical temperature
possible, measured at zero Kelvin or
(minus 273.15 degrees Celsius and
minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit). When a
system reaches absolute zero,
molecules stop all movement, meaning
that there is no kinetic energy, and
entropy reaches its lowest possible
value. But in the real world, even in the
recesses of space, reaching absolutely zero is
impossible -- you can only get
very close to it. 
 
 4.Archimedes' Buoyancy
Principle : 
According to Archimedes'buoyancy
principle, the force acting on, or
buoying, a submerged or partially
submerged object equals the weight
of the liquid that the object displaces.
This sort of principle has an immense range of
applications and is essential
to calculations of density, as well as
designing submarines and other
oceangoing vessels. 
 
 3. Evolution and Natural
Selection In a basic sense, this differentiation
occurred through evolution, through
descent with modification 
 
 Populations of organisms
developed different traits, through
mechanisms such as mutation. Those with traits
that were more beneficial to
survival such as, a frog whose brown
coloring allows it to be camouflaged in
a swamp, were naturally selected for
survival; hence the term natural
selection. It's possible to expand upon both of
these theories at greater length, but
this is the basic, and groundbreaking,
discovery that Darwin made in the
19th century: that evolution through
natural selection accounts for the tremendous
diversity of life on Earth. 
 
2.Theory of General
Relativity: 
Albert Einstein's theory of general
relativity remains an important and
essential discovery because it
permanently altered how we look at
the universe.
Einstein's major
breakthrough was to say that space and time are
not absolutes and that
gravity is not simply a force applied to
an object or mass. Rather, the gravity
associated with any mass curves the
very space and time (often called
space-time) around it. 
 
 To conceptualize this,
imagine you're
traveling across the Earth in a straight
line, heading east, starting somewhere
in the Northern Hemisphere. After a
while, if someone were to pinpoint
your position on a map, you'd actually be both
east and far south of your
original position. That's because the
Earth is curved. To travel directly east,
you'd have to take into account the
shape of the Earth and angle yourself
slightly north. (Think about the difference
between a flat paper map
and a spherical globe.) 
 
1. Heisenberg's
Uncertainty Principle : 
Einstein's broader theory of
relativity
told us more about how the universe
works and helped to lay the
foundation for quantum physics, but it
also introduced more confusion into
theoretical science. In 1927, this sense that the
universe's laws were, in some
contexts, flexible, led to a
groundbreaking discovery by the
German scientist Werner Heisenberg. In
postulating his Uncertainty
Principle, Heisenberg realized that it
was impossible to simultaneously
know, with a high level of precision,
two properties of a particle. In other
words, you can know the position of an electron
with a high degree of
certainty, but not its momentum and
vice versa. Niels Bohr later made a discovery that
helps to explain Heisenberg's
principle. Bohr found that an electron
has the qualities of both a particle and
a wave, a concept known as wave-
particle duality, which has become a cornerstone
of quantum physics. So
when we measure an electron's
position, we are treating it as a particle
at a specific point in space, with an
uncertain wavelength. When we
measure its momentum, we are treating it as a wave,
meaning we can know the amplitude of its
wavelength
but not its location.

Top 10 Scientific Laws and Theories that you Should Really Know.

10. Big Bang Theory If you're going to know one scientific theory, make it the one that explains how the universe arrived at its pres...

THE HIGHER YOU GO, THE COOLER IT BECOMES

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YES I know the tittle sounds ridiculous because we do know that the sun is situated far higher in space. 
 
Also I guess it's normal for everyone to think that the further you move into the atmosphere,  the higher the heat intensity should be provided we're inch closer to the sun. 
Nevertheless,  this Phenomenon proves your thinking wrong with fantastic reasons. 
However this phenomenon is only true during the day. 
 
 Let's unravel the mystery now... 
 
Explanation of the phenomenon "the higher you  go, the cooler it becomes". 
 
In the atmosphere, there're no objects by which heat can be absorbed unlike the earth's surface where heat is absorbed by numerous objects. Those objects especially the good conductors in turn transfer the heat to surrounding objects or whatever they come in contact with. 
 
In other words, you just touched a desk that has been exposed to the sun; you felt the hotness of the desk because the heat absorbed by the object has been transferred to you. That way, heat is easily circulated on the earth surface. 
So the remnant of the heat radiation absorbed by the ozone layer comes directly to the earth surface leaving the atmosphere free from heat because there're no objects there let alone a conductor... 
Thus place nearer to the earth surface is warmer than the farer one. 
But in the night, it's the reverse because  there's no more heat radiation and the heat contents on the earth's surface is being evaporated leaving the earth's surface cool... 
 
You should figure out the rest! 
Greetings!!! 
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THE HIGHER YOU GO, THE COOLER IT BECOMES

YES I know the tittle sounds ridiculous because we do know that the sun is situated far higher in space. Also I guess it's normal for...